Enzymes

Enzymes: A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes are protein molecules that are manufactured by all plant and animal cells. All Cells require Enzymes to survive and function. Enzymes are catalysts, which means that they make chemical reactions to go faster but are not changed by the reaction research has shown that people who have a chronic disease or have low energy levels also have lower enzyme content in their blood , urine, and tissues

Why Are enzymes important:
Enzymes are on of the most essential elements in our body enzymes are more important than the air you breathe the water you drink and the food you eat why is this ? Enzymes are required for your body to function properly because without enzymes you wouldn't be able to breath swallow drink eat or digest your food to do all of these things your body needs some help. you must have enzymes to help perform these tasks. Enzymes are an absolute necessity to live.

Procedure:
1. Fill a pan almost full of water
2. lay the 50 ml graduated cylinder on its side in the pan so that it fills with water completely
3. we put 10 ml of peroxide and 1 ml/ 2ml in a test tube
4. Then put a plug in the test tube
5. after that we placed it in the pan sideways
6. observed it for 10 min

Reflection:
Next time we should put more yeast to see if it bubbled faster or we could have put it in warm water instead of cold water, to see if there was a change in the time of the bubbles

Claim:
The more yeast you have the more bubbles you get

Question:
What circumstances did the enzymes react faster we tested it with 1 ml of yeast then we did it with 2ml and we could clearly see that the 2ml of yeast made it react faster

Pku

Intro: Phenylketonuria (pku) is an inherited disorder that, left untreated, changes in cells inside the brain and leads to mental retardation. This dramatic change in behavior can be traces to a tiny mutation in a single gene on chromosome 12.

How it is Inherited: PKU is not a contagious disease but an inherited disorder. Inheritanceof pku starts with the parents. Each parent has two PAH (phenylalanine hydroxlase) genes, one on each chromosome 12 one of their genes is mutated ( as represented by the red chromosome)

How is it diagnosed: Most babies in the united states and many other countries are screened soon after birth for high levels of phenylalanine in their blood. in the initial step, the doctor pricks the heel or hand of the newborn and collects a few drops of blood on a piece of filter paper (a.k.a gut hire cards.)

What its like living with it: If you have Pku eating can be a problem for you they can eat things like dairy products meat, fish chicken eggs beans and nuts these foods cause high blood phe levels for people with pku

Cystic Fibrosis

CYSTIC FIBROSIS/ RESEARCH: is when your body can't produce the right lung cells and there is a genetic flaw in the production of them. Which makes causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of pancreatic ducts and intestines, which usually results in respiratory infection.

(This picture shows the mucus getting stuck in lung, which shows Cystic Fibrosis)

In this picture he has to use a vest specially made for people with cystic fibrosis. The vest vibrates and loosens the mucus in there lungs and makes them cough it up, which makes it easier to breath 

Osmosis

Osmosis: A process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one. thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane

Steps: First we put water in the dialysis bag, then we put the nasty egg powder on the beaker.


Hypothesis: we thought the water would go through the bag and combine with the egg powder

Claim: Our hypothesis was right the water in the dialysis bag combined with the egg powder














Step: First we filled dialysis bag with water and put sugar in the bag then we filled the beaker with egg powder then after that we waited 3 days

Claim: Our hypothesis was right, the water in the dialysis bag combined with the egg powder






Step 1: fill dialysis bag with water
Step 2: fill beaker with water then put sugar
Step3: put urine strips into the bag and beaker to see if there was any glucose in it should be none in the bag

Hypothesis: The glucose would make its way into the bag and some would stay in the beaker

 Claim: The glucose from the beaker went through the dialysis bag into the water





 Step 1 : put water in the beaker and the dialysis bag Step 2 put the same amount of egg powder in the beaker and the bag (3.79g) Step3: mix the egg powder in the beaker and the bag

Hypothesis: Our hypothesis was that the bag and the beaker would be the exact same because we put the same amount of egg powder in both

Claim : The bag lost some volume and the beaker gained some but the bag only lost .28 grams and the beaker gained . 28grams

Tums lab

Goals: The goal of this lab was to find out if the generic brand tums was better or worse than brand name tums.

Step 1: grind up the tablets generic and brand name of tums
Step 2: get 25ml of vinegar and poor it into a cup
Step 3: pour the powder tums into the vinegar
Step 4: use a ph paper and put it in the vinegar
Step 5: record the data

Data: this data shows the tums the purple is generic and the name brand is green

Claim: With The lab we did we found out that the name brand tums was better than the generic brands and that generic brand is the purple would be less effected as the the name brand tum


Reflection: the thing that i would of changed in the lab was that how many more trials i would of done

carbohydrate I.D lab

Question: What kinds of carbohydrates are food we eat

Procedure: milk powder, coffee creamer, gold metal,flour maltose 1220 ice cream cone garlic crackers and we just added water in all of those and put iodine in one and benedict in the one


Test 1: Benedicts
        1. Add your sample into a test tube
        2. add Benedicts solution
        3. Heat in a hot water bath


Test 2 : Iodine
        1. add your sample to a test tube
        2. add iodine














                                        Carbohydrate Identification Lab Analysis Questions

Use your results from the carbohydrates identification lab and any notes or resources about carbohydrate to answer the following questions:

 1. Name the three categories of carbohydrates studied in this investigation
Polysaccharide disaccharide and a monosaccharide

2. What three chemical elements are present in all carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen and oxygen

3. Give two examples each of the names of sugar molecules from our discussion or the textbook/online that are:

A: monosaccharides - glucose,fructose
B: Disacharides-sucose,jactose
C:polysaccharides-starch,glycogen

2: How many times larger is the number of hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms:
 
     a: water hydrogen-2   oxygen-1
     b: carbohydrates?  2 times

3 "Mono means one, "di" means two, and "poly" means many. why are these terms used in describing the three types of sugars?

It means how many sugars are in it

6. How can you tell by using Benedicts and iodine solutions if a sugar is a
                     
          A: monosaccharide? Iodine-nothing benedict- turned green
          B: Disaccharide ? Iodine-nothing benedict-same
          C: Polysaccharide Iodine-black benedict-nothing

7. A certain sugar has no change in color when tested with benedicts solution
     
         A. Can you tell what type of saccharide it is?- disaccharide and polysaccharide
         B. Explain. Because our evidence shows that on our graphy poly reacts to iodine and di reacts   to neither

8. A certain sugar has a color change in Benedict's solution
     
         A. Can you tell what type of saccharide it is? yes
         B. Explain. It is a monosaccharide because it turned yellow-green in the benedict

9. Give a examples of foods that contain
   
         A. Monosaccharides-milk powder
         B. Disaccharides-coffee creamer
         C. Polysaccharides-gold medal flour

Claims: In this lab i thought that all of the colors would change colors when we have heated the liquids up and then add iodine i thought they would all stay the same but only had really changed a color

Reflection: nothing really changed colors in the lab but one tab and it went from light brown to darkish brown all of the other tabs stayed the same

Water Lab

Introduction:
 what has a stronger surface tension of cohesion bonds between water and alcohol

Step: 1 you want a pipette full of water
Step: 2 need a penny
Step: 3 you want to drop as much water droplets on the penny as much as possible
Step:4 you want to record the data of how many droplets of water you put on the water
Step:5 Try to put as much alcohol as you can on the penny without it falling off the penny
Step6: string stretch it as much as you can poor down water on it and see how much water can go into the cup by pouring the water on the string and see how much water the piece of string it carry alongside it

The graph below shows the amount of drops each penny was able to sustain and that it also shows that water has a better surface tension i have other data recored and it shows that water does have the better water tension than alcohol and the cohesion bonds in the water are greater 

Reflection: what i have learned is that water droplets on a penny does not cover as much as the alcohol droplets the penny is able to carry more alcohol droplets than water droplets 

Claim: i found out that alcohol will have more balance on the penny then the water will on the penny